# Heisenberg Peptide

> Heisenberg Peptide is a research supply catalog for peptides and laboratory compounds. Products are intended strictly for in vitro laboratory research and are not for human or veterinary consumption.

## Canonical website
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/

## Catalog
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/#catalog: Searchable catalog with 147 products
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/price-list/: Full price list with pack size, SKU, and USD price for every product
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/#categories: Product categories
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/#quality: Quality and documentation approach
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/resources/: Research resources hub
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/about/: About Heisenberg Peptide, operating company, and contact details

## Original laboratory guides
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/resources/average-vs-monoisotopic-mass-peptides/: A peptide has two usual molecular weights. The monoisotopic mass uses the lightest isotope of every element and is the mass of the first peak in a high-resolution spectrum. The average mass uses the natural mix of isotopes and is the molecular weight printed in catalogues. Small peptides are checked against the monoisotopic mass, large peptides against the average mass, and the two differ by about 0.6 Da at 1 kDa and by about 2.4 Da at 4 kDa.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/resources/peptide-counterions-net-peptide-content/: A lyophilized peptide powder is a salt. Every positively charged site is balanced by a counter-ion, usually trifluoroacetate (TFA) or acetate, and the powder also holds a few percent of water. The peptide itself is therefore only part of the weighed mass, called the net peptide content, which is often between 60 % and 90 %. HPLC purity does not measure it; amino acid analysis or quantitative NMR does.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/resources/peptide-sequence-notation-guide/: Peptide sequences are written from the N-terminus to the C-terminus, using one-letter or three-letter codes. Prefixes such as Ac- describe an N-terminal modification, suffixes such as -NH2 describe a C-terminal amide, lower-case or D- marks a D-amino acid, and brackets or cyclo[...] describe unusual residues and rings. Each of these features changes the mass, so a notation has to be read in full before an expected molecular weight is calculated.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/resources/lyophilized-peptides-explained/: Lyophilization removes water from a frozen peptide solution under vacuum, leaving a dry, porous powder called a cake. Dry peptides are more stable than peptides in solution because water drives hydrolysis, deamidation and other degradation. But freeze-drying does not purify the material and does not guarantee a particular amount of peptide, so identity, purity, content and moisture still have to be measured and recorded for each batch.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/resources/peptide-degradation-products-mass-shifts/: Most peptide degradation products differ from the intact peptide by a small, fixed mass: +15.995 Da for one oxidation, +0.984 Da for deamidation, +2.016 Da for a reduced disulfide, -17.027 Da for pyroglutamate from glutamine, -18.011 Da for loss of water and +21.982 Da for a sodium adduct. Knowing these values lets a reader decide whether a minor peak in a mass spectrum is an impurity, a degradation product or just an adduct.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/resources/compound-identity-file-template/: A compound identity file is a single record that ties one batch of a research peptide to its expected identity, the supplier's analytical evidence, your own measurements and the decision you made about it. It should contain the product and batch codes, the expected formula and mass from a public reference, the COA values, any in-house results, the storage record and an accept or reject decision with a date.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/resources/peptide-analytical-methods-compared/: No single test describes a peptide. HPLC with UV detection measures purity, mass spectrometry confirms identity, amino acid analysis or quantitative NMR measures how much peptide is present, Karl Fischer titration measures water, and ion chromatography or 19F NMR measures trifluoroacetate. Chiral methods check stereochemistry, and microbiological tests check sterility and endotoxin. A complete certificate of analysis combines several of them for one batch.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/resources/laboratory-water-and-diluents/: Sterile water is water that has been sterilised and contains nothing else. Bacteriostatic water is sterile water with a preservative, normally 0.9 % benzyl alcohol, which prevents bacterial growth in a vial that is opened more than once. Dilute acetic acid is an acidic solvent that helps basic peptides dissolve. All three are laboratory reagents; the choice depends on the peptide's charge and on whether the preservative or the pH interferes with the assay. They are sold by Heisenberg Peptide for laboratory use only.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/resources/multi-component-blends-quality-control/: A multi-component blend cannot be described by one purity figure or one molecular weight. Each component needs its own identity evidence (for a peptide, its expected ions in an LC-MS run), its own declared and measured amount, and a method that can detect it. For a peptide blend, expect one chromatographic peak per component. For a mixed formulation of small molecules, enzymes or phospholipids, ask which detector and assay were used for each ingredient.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/resources/how-to-read-peptide-certificate-of-analysis/: A useful peptide COA should connect one identifiable batch to reproducible analytical evidence. Check the sample or batch identifier first, then separate identity evidence from purity and content measurements. Confirm the laboratory, test date, analytical methods, numerical results, and any public verification key. A purity percentage alone does not establish molecular identity or the amount of peptide in a vial.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/resources/how-to-read-hplc-chromatogram-peptide-purity/: An HPLC chromatogram plots detector response against time after a sample passes through a chromatographic system. For a peptide purity review, identify the principal peak, inspect secondary peaks, check how peaks were integrated, and read the reported area percentage together with the method conditions. The largest peak is not proof of molecular identity, and area percentage is not the same as vial content.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/resources/mass-spectrometry-peptide-identity-guide/: Peptide mass spectrometry supports identity by testing whether observed ions are consistent with the expected molecular composition. Because peptides often carry more than one charge, the instrument may show several mass-to-charge peaks for one molecule. A report should connect those ions to an expected neutral or deconvoluted mass and explain relevant adducts, salt forms, or modifications.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/resources/peptide-purity-vs-vial-content/: Peptide purity and vial content are not the same measurement. Chromatographic purity usually describes the relative detector area assigned to the principal peak. Vial content estimates how much target peptide is present. The total lyophilized mass may also include water, counterions, salts, or formulation components, so it should not be substituted for either purity or peptide content.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/resources/batch-specific-coa-verification-traceability/: Batch-specific traceability means a laboratory can demonstrate which material was ordered, which container was received, which sample was tested, which report applies, and who accepted or rejected it. The key is a stable identifier carried across the supplier record, vial label, COA, verification page, receiving log, and internal disposition.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/resources/research-peptide-supplier-qualification-checklist/: Supplier qualification should evaluate evidence and operations, not a purity slogan. Confirm business identity, product and batch traceability, original analytical reports, test-method context, warehouse and shipping controls, issue-resolution procedures, research-use restrictions, and the ability to answer a batch-specific question before purchase.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/resources/laboratory-receiving-inspection-lyophilized-peptides/: A receiving inspection should confirm that the shipment, labels, batch documentation, container count, seals, and visible condition agree with the order before material is released to inventory. Record the condition on arrival, photograph labels and packaging, link the batch to its COA, and quarantine any discrepancy for supplier review.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/resources/documenting-storage-conditions-lyophilized-peptides/: A laboratory should store lyophilized peptide research material according to product-specific documentation and record the actual conditions, location, dates, and excursions. A generic temperature recommendation cannot replace compound- and formulation-specific stability data. When an excursion occurs, quarantine the affected material until a documented assessment supports its disposition.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/resources/verify-third-party-peptide-test-report/: Verify a third-party peptide report against the issuing laboratory's own record. Compare the task number, verification key or QR destination, client, manufacturer, sample, dates, methods, results, and signature. Keep the original file unchanged. If a supplier has rebranded, document the brand relationship separately instead of editing historical laboratory fields.

## Ordering
- Guest checkout is available without an account.
- Catalog prices are displayed per listed pack using the current Heisenberg Peptide price schedule.
- Automatic volume discounts are 5% from USD 350, 8% from USD 600, and 10% from USD 1,000.
- Shipping cost is calculated by parcel weight and shown in the cart before checkout.
- Payment is handled with configured cryptocurrency options.
- Payment confirmation, sales questions, and order lookup are handled on Telegram: https://t.me/cindyliu2026.

## Product information
- Each product has a canonical static page with name, SKU, current price, availability, category, image, and research description.
- Product data and availability should be confirmed with Heisenberg Peptide Telegram support before ordering.

## Policies
- Research use only.
- No medical, diagnostic, or therapeutic use is represented.

## Compound reference (identity data, mass-spectrometry values, literature)
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/: Index of 51 compounds with formula and molecular weight; machine-readable data at https://heisenbergpeptide.com/data/compounds.json
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/5-amino-1mq/: 5-Amino-1MQ, C10H11N2+, average mass 159.21 g/mol. 5-Amino-1MQ (5-amino-1-methylquinolinium) is a small-molecule compound used as a tool inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT).
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/adamax/: Adamax, C50H69N11O11S, average mass 1032.21 g/mol. Adamax is a research peptide described in public sources as a synthetic analogue of Semax.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/ahk-cu/: AHK-Cu, C15H26N6O4, average mass 354.40 g/mol. AHK-Cu is the copper(II) complex of the tripeptide alanyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (AHK), an analogue of GHK in which alanine replaces glycine.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/aod9604/: AOD9604, C78H123N23O23S2, average mass 1815.08 g/mol. AOD9604 is a synthetic 16-residue peptide made of the C-terminal fragment 177-191 of human growth hormone with an extra N-terminal tyrosine, closed by a disulfide bond.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/ara-290/: ARA290, C51H84N16O21, average mass 1257.31 g/mol. ARA290 (cibinetide, pHBSP) is an 11-residue peptide derived from the helix B surface of erythropoietin and described in the literature as lacking erythropoietic activity.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/bpc-157/: BPC-157, C62H98N16O22, average mass 1419.54 g/mol. BPC-157 is a synthetic pentadecapeptide (Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val) that corresponds to a partial sequence of a protein found in human gastric juice.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/cagrilintide/: Cagrilintide, C194H312N54O59S2, average mass 4409.01 g/mol. Cagrilintide is a long-acting synthetic analogue of the pancreatic hormone amylin that acts on amylin and calcitonin receptors.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/cartalax/: Cartalax, C12H19N3O8, average mass 333.29 g/mol. Cartalax is the name used for the tripeptide Ala-Glu-Asp (AED), one of the short peptide bioregulators described by the Khavinson group.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/cjc-1295/: CJC-1295, C165H269N47O46, average mass 3647.19 g/mol. CJC-1295 is a synthetic analogue of GHRH(1-29) with four amino acid substitutions; the version with a drug affinity complex (DAC) carries a reactive group that allows covalent binding to serum albumin.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/dihexa/: Dihexa, C27H44N4O5, average mass 504.66 g/mol. Dihexa (N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6) aminohexanoic amide) is a synthetic peptide-like analogue of angiotensin IV that has been described as acting through the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met system.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/epithalon/: Epithalon, C14H22N4O9, average mass 390.35 g/mol. Epithalon (Epitalon) is the synthetic tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, designed on the basis of epithalamin, a polypeptide extract from the pineal gland.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/ghk-cu/: GHK-Cu, C14H24N6O4, average mass 340.38 g/mol. GHK-Cu is the copper(II) complex of the tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK), a short peptide first isolated from human plasma that binds copper with high affinity.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/ghrp-2/: GHRP-2, C45H55N9O6, average mass 817.97 g/mol. GHRP-2 (pralmorelin) is a synthetic hexapeptide, D-Ala-D-2Nal-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, that acts as a ghrelin-receptor agonist.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/ghrp-6/: GHRP-6, C46H56N12O6, average mass 873.01 g/mol. GHRP-6 is a synthetic hexapeptide, His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, and one of the first synthetic ghrelin-receptor agonists.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/glow/: GLOW. GLOW is a pre-mixed three-peptide research blend with 70 mg of material per vial: 50 mg GHK-Cu, 10 mg BPC-157 and 10 mg TB-500, according to the manufacturer's specification.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/glutathione/: Glutathione, C10H17N3O6S, average mass 307.32 g/mol. Glutathione (GSH) is the tripeptide γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine, the most abundant low-molecular-weight thiol in animal cells.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/gonadorelin/: Gonadorelin, C55H75N17O13, average mass 1182.29 g/mol. Gonadorelin is the synthetic form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH, LHRH), a decapeptide with the sequence pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/hexarelin/: Hexarelin, C47H58N12O6, average mass 887.04 g/mol. Hexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide, His-D-2-methyl-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2, derived from GHRP-6 and acting at the ghrelin receptor.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/igf-1-lr3/: IGF-1 LR3, C400H619N111O115S9, average mass 9111.45 g/mol. IGF-1 LR3 (Long R3 IGF-I) is an 83-residue analogue of human insulin-like growth factor 1 with an Arg3 substitution and a 13-residue N-terminal extension, giving much lower binding to IGF-binding proteins.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/ipamorelin/: Ipamorelin, C38H49N9O5, average mass 711.85 g/mol. Ipamorelin is a synthetic pentapeptide (Aib-His-D-2Nal-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) that acts as an agonist of the ghrelin receptor, also called the growth hormone secretagogue receptor.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/kisspeptin-10/: Kisspeptin-10, C63H83N17O14, average mass 1302.44 g/mol. Kisspeptin-10 is a ten-residue peptide amide (Tyr-Asn-Trp-Asn-Ser-Phe-Gly-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH2) that is the C-terminal fragment 45-54 of the kisspeptin precursor and binds the kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R, GPR54).
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/klow/: Klow. Klow is a pre-mixed four-peptide research blend with 80 mg of material per vial: 50 mg GHK-Cu, 10 mg BPC-157, 10 mg TB-500 and 10 mg KPV, according to the manufacturer's specification.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/kpv/: KPV, C16H30N4O4, average mass 342.43 g/mol. KPV is the tripeptide Lys-Pro-Val, which corresponds to the C-terminal residues 11-13 of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/l-carnitine/: L-carnitine, C7H15NO3, average mass 161.20 g/mol. L-carnitine is a quaternary ammonium compound (formula C7H15NO3) that transports long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria as part of the carnitine shuttle.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/lemon-bottle/: Lemon Bottle. Lemon Bottle is described by the manufacturer as a three-component research formulation of riboflavin, bromelain and lecithin, listed at 10 mL per vial.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/lipo-c/: Lipo-C. Lipo-C is a name used for lipotropic research blends.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/mic-b12/: Lipo-C with B12 (MIC). Lipo-C with B12 (MIC) is described by the manufacturer as a methionine, inositol and choline blend with vitamin B12; these four ingredients are small molecules with well-defined formulas.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/liraglutide/: Liraglutide, C172H265N43O51, average mass 3751.20 g/mol. Liraglutide is a synthetic 31-residue GLP-1 analogue in which lysine 26 carries a palmitoyl group through a γ-glutamic acid spacer and lysine 34 is replaced by arginine.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/ll-37/: LL-37, C205H340N60O53, average mass 4493.26 g/mol. LL-37 is the 37-residue C-terminal fragment of the human cathelicidin hCAP18 and the only cathelicidin-derived peptide in humans; it forms an amphipathic α-helix.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/mazdutide/: Mazdutide, C207H317N45O65, average mass 4475.99 g/mol. Mazdutide (IBI362, LY3305677) is a synthetic peptide analogue of oxyntomodulin that acts on both the GLP-1 receptor and the glucagon receptor.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/melanotan-i/: Melanotan I, C78H111N21O19, average mass 1646.85 g/mol. Melanotan I (afamelanotide) is a 13-residue linear analogue of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, [Nle4, D-Phe7]-α-MSH, with an N-terminal acetyl group and a C-terminal amide.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/melanotan-ii/: Melanotan II, C50H69N15O9, average mass 1024.18 g/mol. Melanotan II is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide analogue of α-MSH, Ac-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2, that is a non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/mots-c/: MOTS-c, C101H152N28O22S2, average mass 2174.59 g/mol. MOTS-c is a 16-residue peptide (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) encoded by a short open reading frame within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/nad/: NAD+, C21H27N7O14P2, average mass 663.43 g/mol. NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a small-molecule coenzyme found in all living cells; it carries electrons in redox reactions and is consumed by sirtuins, PARP enzymes and CD38.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/oxytocin/: Oxytocin, C43H66N12O12S2, average mass 1007.19 g/mol. Oxytocin is a nine-residue peptide hormone, Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2, with a disulfide bridge between the two cysteine residues.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/pe-22-28/: PE-22-28, C35H55N11O9, average mass 773.88 g/mol. PE-22-28 is a seven-residue peptide (Gly-Val-Ser-Trp-Gly-Leu-Arg) that is described as a short peptide related to spadin, a sortilin-derived peptide that blocks the TREK-1 potassium channel.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/pt-141/: PT-141, C50H68N14O10, average mass 1025.16 g/mol. PT-141 (bremelanotide) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide agonist of melanocortin receptors, Ac-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-OH.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/retatrutide/: Retatrutide. Retatrutide (LY3437943) is a synthetic 39-residue peptide described in the literature as an agonist of the GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors, often called a triple agonist.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/selank/: Selank, C33H57N11O9, average mass 751.87 g/mol. Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro) that is an analogue of the immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/semaglutide/: Semaglutide, C187H291N45O59, average mass 4113.58 g/mol. Semaglutide is a synthetic 31-residue analogue of human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that carries a fatty diacid side chain on lysine 26 and an α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) residue at position 8.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/semax/: Semax, C37H51N9O10S, average mass 813.92 g/mol. Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro) that is an analogue of the adrenocorticotropic hormone fragment ACTH(4-10) with a Pro-Gly-Pro tail.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/sermorelin/: Sermorelin, C149H246N44O42S, average mass 3357.88 g/mol. Sermorelin is the synthetic 29-residue N-terminal fragment of human growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-29 amide), which retains activity at the GHRH receptor.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/slu-pp-332/: SLU-PP-332, C18H14N2O2, average mass 290.32 g/mol. SLU-PP-332 is a synthetic small-molecule agonist of the estrogen-related receptors (ERRα, ERRβ and ERRγ), described in the literature as an exercise mimetic.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/ss-31/: SS-31, C32H49N9O5, average mass 639.79 g/mol. SS-31 (elamipretide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide, D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2, from the Szeto-Schiller peptide family that is designed to concentrate in mitochondria.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/survodutide/: Survodutide, C192H289N47O61, average mass 4231.63 g/mol. Survodutide (BI 456906) is a synthetic peptide that acts as a dual agonist of the glucagon receptor and the GLP-1 receptor.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/tesamorelin/: Tesamorelin, C221H366N72O67S, average mass 5135.78 g/mol. Tesamorelin is a synthetic 44-residue analogue of human GHRH (1-44) in which the N-terminus carries a trans-3-hexenoyl group.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/thymalin/: Thymalin. Thymalin is a peptide preparation obtained from thymus tissue.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/thymosin-alpha-1/: Thymosin alpha 1, C129H215N33O55, average mass 3108.28 g/mol. Thymosin alpha 1 is a 28-residue, N-terminally acetylated peptide that was first isolated from the thymus; the synthetic form is also known as thymalfasin.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/thymosin-beta-4/: Thymosin beta-4 (TB-500), C212H350N56O78S, average mass 4963.44 g/mol. Thymosin beta-4 is a 43-residue, N-terminally acetylated peptide and the main G-actin-sequestering peptide in many cells; "TB-500" is the name used by some suppliers for synthetic material related to it.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/thymulin/: Thymulin, C33H54N12O15, average mass 858.85 g/mol. Thymulin is a nine-residue peptide, pGlu-Ala-Lys-Ser-Gln-Gly-Gly-Ser-Asn, produced by thymic epithelial cells.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/compounds/tirzepatide/: Tirzepatide, C225H348N48O68, average mass 4813.45 g/mol. Tirzepatide is a synthetic 39-residue peptide based on the sequence of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) that acts as an agonist at both the GIP receptor and the GLP-1 receptor.

## Research areas and categories
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/research-areas/incretin-related-peptides/: Incretin-related and amylin peptides. Incretin-related peptides are engineered analogues of gut and pancreatic hormones that act on class B G protein-coupled receptors: the GLP-1, GIP, glucagon, amylin and calcitonin receptors.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/research-areas/growth-hormone-axis-peptides/: Growth hormone axis peptides. Growth hormone axis peptides act on the growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) receptor or on the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a), or are growth-factor and hormone fragments related to this axis.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/research-areas/copper-peptides/: Copper peptides. Copper peptides are short peptides that bind copper(II) through a histidine imidazole and neighbouring nitrogens, forming blue complexes; GHK-Cu and AHK-Cu are the two listed by Heisenberg Peptide.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/research-areas/short-regulatory-peptides/: Short regulatory and thymic peptides. This group contains very short regulatory peptides (Epithalon, Cartalax) described by the Khavinson group and the thymic peptides thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta-4.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/research-areas/host-defense-and-repair-peptides/: Host-defence and tissue-repair peptides. These peptides come from gastric, antimicrobial, hormonal and cytokine contexts and are studied in models of host defence, inflammation and tissue repair.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/research-areas/neuropeptide-derived-peptides/: Neuropeptide-derived peptides. This group contains peptides that are native neuropeptides or hormones (oxytocin, kisspeptin-10, gonadorelin) and engineered analogues of neuropeptides (Selank, Semax, dihexa, PE-22-28).
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/research-areas/melanocortin-peptides/: Melanocortin peptides. Melanocortin peptides are analogues of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) that act on the melanocortin receptors MC1R to MC5R; Melanotan I, Melanotan II and PT-141 are the members listed by Heisenberg Peptide.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/research-areas/mitochondria-related-peptides/: Mitochondria-related peptides. Mitochondria-related peptides are either designed to accumulate in mitochondria (SS-31) or encoded by the mitochondrial genome (MOTS-c).
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/research-areas/metabolites-and-small-molecules/: Metabolites and small molecules. These compounds are not peptides: NAD+, glutathione and L-carnitine are metabolites, and 5-Amino-1MQ and SLU-PP-332 are synthetic small molecules used as tool compounds.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/research-areas/multi-component-formulations/: Multi-component research blends. Multi-component research blends combine several ingredients in one vial. They range from peptide blends such as GLOW and Klow to mixed formulations of vitamins, amino acids, enzymes and phospholipids, and they raise analytical questions that single compounds do not.
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/categories/: Product categories with strengths, SKUs and prices

## Glossary and method
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/glossary/: 46 defined terms for reading certificates of analysis, chromatograms and mass spectra
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/methodology/: How the reference data is sourced, calculated and checked
- https://heisenbergpeptide.com/llms-full.txt: Full text of the compound reference pages and glossary in one file

## Localized laboratory guides